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As the title says, my question is whether the set of $\mathsf{NP}$-hard languages is closed under set inclusion, i.e. whether for any $\mathsf{NP}$-hard language $L$, all subsets of $L$ are also $\mathsf{NP}$-hard. This question is related since $\emptyset$ is not $\mathsf{NP}$-hard as there is nothing we could map "yes"-instances to and $\emptyset \subseteq L$ for all $\mathsf{NP}$-hard $L$.

However, what about non-trivial subsets, i.e. languages $L'$ of the form $\emptyset \neq L' \subsetneq L$ for $\mathsf{NP}$-hard $L$? We know that $\emptyset \neq 2SAT \subsetneq SAT$ and while $SAT$ is $\mathsf{NP}$-hard, $2SAT$ is in $\mathsf{P}$. This suggests to me that whether the set of $\mathsf{NP}$-hard is closed under "non-trivial" inclusions depends on whether $\mathsf{P} = \mathsf{NP}$. Am I mistaken here?

In one sentence, my question is this: is the set of $\mathsf{NP}$-hard languages closed under nontrivial set inclusion (1) assuming $\mathsf{P} = \mathsf{NP}$ and (2) assuming $\mathsf{P} \neq \mathsf{NP}$?

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Indeed, if NP=P then every nontrivial problem is NP-hard, and in particular every nontrivial subset of an NP-hard problem (thus closing it to inclusion).

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  • $\begingroup$ That's what I figured, and I'm really surprised by it - it seemed "obvious" to me that regular languages should not be NP-hard. Do you know a proof that regular languages are not NP-hard assuming P $\neq$ NP? $\endgroup$
    – G. Bach
    Commented May 19, 2014 at 15:16
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    $\begingroup$ Regular languages are in P. If a language in P is NP-hard then P=NP: given a language in NP, reduce it to your language in P to get a polytime algorithm for the former. Hence if P is different from NP then regular languages are not NP-hard. Conversely, if P=NP, then as Shaull mentions, regular languages are NP-hard. $\endgroup$ Commented May 19, 2014 at 15:57

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