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I've just started learning computer architectures and I'm having trouble understanding where these are used.

I know that parity checking is testing for accurate data transmission between nodes in a communication network. However, when does this parity checking happen on a computer? like does it happen every time data is transmitted internally in a computer?

what devices does parity checking? Is it that all devices like computers, mobiles, home appliances, and many more devices use parity checking?

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  • $\begingroup$ Except for special mission-critical computers, data parity is not checked on RAM memory. This is more common on mass media such as magnetic disks or tapes. Serial communications usually include a parity bit. More sophisticated networks (Ethernet) use more than parity bits: error detection or correction codes. $\endgroup$
    – Yves Daoust
    Jun 30, 2022 at 13:02
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    $\begingroup$ It depends on the specific computer design. A lot of servers have so-called ECC memory where every memory byte has a parity check (actually one better, it has an ECC code). Most desktops don't. $\endgroup$
    – user253751
    Jun 30, 2022 at 13:28

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When Error-detection and Error-coorrection is performed depends on associated protocol and layers.

For example for Ethernet ,Error-detection and Error-coorrection performed in intermediate routers between sender and receiver at layer2(Data-link layer) for both header and data.

And at layer3(Network layer) for ipv4 Error-detection and Error-coorrection mechanism performed only for ipv4 header at intermediate routers between sender and receiver. For ipv6 header checksum option isn't not present.

Now most important work is happening at receiver side at layer4(transport layer). If you use TCP protocol then it's liable for checking Error-coorrection and detection for both data and header, TCP also restore the reliability for data packets. For ipv6 header, TCP is mandatory. But for UDP at transport layer checksum option is optional(but for ipv6 it is mandatory), then it depends on application layer as as well as layer2.

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