No. There are no known polynomial bounds. The best lower bounds known are merely linear.
As described here, the situation for circuits at least is "quite depressing": there are no known lower bounds that are better than $\sim 4n$. That's the case even when you pick the problem. There is no explicitly known problem where we can prove a lower bound better than $4n$.
Of course, for many problems it is easy to get a lower bound of $n$, by noting that for some functions it is necessary to read all of the input bits. So we can do only a constant factor better than the trivial lower bound.
Moreover, it is easy to prove (by a counting argument) that there exist functions that require at least $2^n/\text{poly}(n)$ gates to compute. The catch is that this proof is non-constructive: we don't know an explicit example of such a function. So there is an exponential gap between the best lower bound we know how to prove, and what we know must be the actual best lower bounds (even though we don't know how to prove it for any specific problem).
I don't expect anything fundamental to change if you replace circuits with RAM machine algorithms. Moreover, this shows that we don't know how to prove useful/non-trivial lower bounds for deterministic algorithms. Proving useful/non-trivial lower bounds for non-deterministic algorithms is even harder.
(The situation might be slightly different with Turing machines, as they're a bit slower/less powerful than RAM machine algorithms -- but you asked about the latter, so I assume we can ignore this.)
You might enjoy perusing the lower-bounds tag on CSTheory.SE.
