# Reduce $\sqrt{n}$-CLIQUE to CLIQUE

Recall that $G$ has a clique of size $k$ if it has a complete sub graph consisting of $k$ vertices. Define CLIQUE as the decision problem

$$\{ \langle G, c \rangle \mid G \text{ has a clique of size } c\}$$

Define the problem $\sqrt{n}$-CLIQUE as follows:

$$\{\langle G \rangle \mid G \text{ has a clique of at least size } \sqrt{n}\}$$

where $n$ is the number of vertices of $G$. It is easy to reduce $\sqrt{n}$-CLIQUE to CLIQUE. How can we go the other way and thereby show that $\sqrt{n}$-CLIQUE is NP-complete?

Idea: If $c \geq \sqrt{n}$, we can add dummy vertices to $G$ until $c = \sqrt{n}$. What do we do if $c < \sqrt{n}$? It seems we need to be able to remove vertices without disturbing the size of the largest clique. My idea in this case to remove a vertex if it has less than $c-1$ edges. Obviously the new graph has a clique of size $c$ if and only if the original graph does. But what happens if we can't remove enough vertices? Can we conclude that if a graph has $n > c^2$ vertices each with degree $\geq c$ then a clique exists?

When $c > \sqrt{n}$, you add an independent set of size $m$ so that $c = \sqrt{n+m}$ (i.e., you need $m = c^2-n$).

When $c < \sqrt{n}$, try doing the same, increasing both $n$ and $c$ at the same time, by adding a complement of an independent set. (You might need to add a few isolated vertices as well.)

• Ah, thanks! That's very clever -- didn't think to increase $c$.
– MCT
Oct 23 '16 at 22:14