# A book introducing proof theory needed (many-sorted FOL, classical non-Gentzen calculus, satisfiability in partial algebras, induction)

We define a signature as a triple $$\Sigma\ =\ (S,F,\mathrm{type})$$ where $S$ is a set of sorts, $F$ a set of $n$-ary function symbols $f$ of the type $\mathrm{type}(f)$ $=$ $(M_1,\dotsc,M_n\dashrightarrow M_{n+1})$, where $n\ge 0$ and all $M_i$ lie in $S$ ($1\le i\le n$).

A $\Sigma$-algebra for us is a pair $$A\ =\ (G,H)$$ where $G$ is a family of carrier sets for sorts in $S$, and $H$ is a family of (in general partial) functions of the correspoinding type, one function per symbol in $F$.

We consider an infinite set of fresh typed variables and define $\Sigma$-terms as usual: all nullary constants in $F$ are terms, all variables are terms, and if $t_1,\dotsc,t_n$ are terms of type $M_1,\dotsc,M_n$, and $\mathrm{type}(f)=(M_1,\dotsc,M_n\dashrightarrow M_{n+1})$, then $f(t_1,...,t_n)$ is a term of type $M_{n+1}$.

We define first-order formulas (over the equality and the $\mathrm{defined}$ predicate) as usual:

• $t=t'$ is a formula where $t$ and $t'$ are terms,

• $\mathrm{defined}(t)$ is a formula where $t$ is a term,

• if $\varphi$ and $\varphi'$ are formulas, so are $\varphi\lor\varphi'$, $\neg\varphi$, $\forall x{\in}M\colon \varphi$, etc.

Given an assignment $\eta$ of the free variables of a formula $\varphi$, we define $A,\eta\models\varphi$ (the validity of $\varphi$ in an algebra $A$) inductively as usual. Special cases:

• $A,\eta\models t=t'$ iff $t$, $t'$ are either both undefined or both defined with the same value under $\eta$.

• $A,\eta\models\mathrm{defined}(t)$ iff $t$ (which contains partial function symbols in general) has a well-defined value in $A$.

So far, nothing really new has happened: yet another variation of a many-sorted first-order logics for partial algebras/structures has been described.

Question: which book or journal paper describes a classical, first-order proof system (providing a checkable and possibly useful relation $\vdash$ such that $A,\eta\vdash t$ implies $A,\eta\models t$) for

1. all partial algebras

2. all partial term-generated algebras (i.e., where each element of each carrier set is an interpretation of some ground term)?

Of course, you can use induction in the second case in addition.

Yes, I took a look into the To-Truth-Through-Proof book and into https://www.fecundity.com/codex/forallx.pdf, and they are somewhat far away. Are there books which are a better fit?