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### How to prove that a language is not regular?

We learned about the class of regular languages $\mathrm{REG}$. It is characterised by any one concept among regular expressions, finite automata and left-linear grammars, so it is easy to show that a ...
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### How to prove that a language is context-free?

There are many techniques to prove that a language is not context-free, but how do I prove that a language is context-free? What techniques are there to prove this? Obviously, one way is to exhibit ...
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### Pumping lemma: if you can keep pumping, what does this tell you?

Hypothetically, let's say you are using the pumping lemma for either regular or context free languages. Now using either, you come across a case that remains true despite pumping it. In this situation,...
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### Is Python a context-free language?

From Wikipedia: Off-side_rule#Implementation, there is a statement: ...This requires that the lexer hold state, namely the current indentation level, and thus can detect changes in indentation ...
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### Why is the following language not context-free?

$L = \{a^n b^m | m \not= n^2 \}$ I guess I need to use Pumping Lemma for CFL in order to prove this. But I'm stuck. Assuming that $a^n b^m = uvxyz$, we know that $v$ or $y$ can not have both $a$ ...
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### Are Turing machines more powerful than pushdown automata?

I've came up with a result while reading some automata books, that Turing machines appear to be more powerful than pushdown automata. Since the tape of a Turing machine can always be made to behave ...
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### Prime number CFG and Pumping Lemma

So I have a problem that I'm looking over for an exam that is coming up in my Theory of Computation class. I've had a lot of problems with the pumping lemma, so I was wondering if I might be able to ...
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### Can a two-stack PDA accept language $a^nb^mc^nd^m$ which is not context-free?

Can a two-stack PDA accept language $L=\{a^nb^mc^nd^m \mid n \geq m\}$, which has no context-free grammar? I don't believe this has a context-free grammar, but please correct me if I'm wrong.
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### A context free grammar proof

There is a problem which I cannot solve. If you give a tip I will be very glad. Prove that following language is not context free: $L= \{ a^nb^m | \gcd(n,m) = 1 \}$. It can be proven using the ...
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### Are regular and context free languages closed against making them prefix-free?

For a language L we define: $\qquad A(L) = \{ x \in L \mid \text{ no proper prefix of x is in L} \}$ Are regular / context free languages closed under this operation ? For regular languages I ...
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### Can the pumping lemma for context free languages be extended to any subword?

It is known that in the case of a Regular Language $L$ , the pumping lemma can be extended to apply to any sufficiently long subword of the language, ie, if $uwv \in L$ and $|w| \ge p$ then we can ...
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### Are permutations of context-free languages context-free?

Given a context-free language $L$, define the language $p(L)$ as containing all permutations of strings in $L$ (i.e. all strings in $L$ such that the order of symbols is not important). Is $p(L)$ ...
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### Prove that $\{0^n 1^{n\cdot m} : n,m \in \mathbb{N}\}$ is not context-free

This is a homework problem I have spent several hours on. A "hint" is given that we may use this fact: If $n,j,k \in \mathbb{N}$ satisfy $n \geq 2$ and $1 \leq j+k \leq n$, then $n^2+j$ does not ...
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### Use the pumping lemma to prove that {www} is not context-free

Use the pumping lemma to prove that the following language is not context-free. $\qquad L = \{ w w w \mid w \in \{a,b\}^*\}$ I am studying for an exam and really trying to understand this question. ...
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### Is this language LL(1) parseable?

I tried to find a simple example for a language that is not parseable with an LL(1) parser. I finally found this language. $$L=\{a^nb^m|n,m\in\mathbb N\land n\ge m\}$$ Is my hypothesis true or is ...
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### Structure of a Pumping Lemma proof: contradiction or counterexample?

This site is full of Pumping Lemma questions, and I do admit I've not read them all. I've tried some proofs myself and they seem to work, but I can't find anywhere what is the (general) exact ...
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### Use pumping lemma to show L is not context free

Show that L = $\{0^{2^n}| n\geq 0\}$ is not a context free language. Let string $s = 0^{2^p}$. Then we know we can write $s$ as $s = uvxyz$. I know that |vy| > 0 and $|vxy| \leq p$. So how do I ...
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### Is $a^n b^n c^n$ context-free? [duplicate]

I am new to grammars and I want to learn context free grammars which are the base of programming languages. After solving some problems, I encountered the language $$\{a^nb^nc^n\mid n\geq 1\}\,.$$ ...
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### Can the String, $0^p 0^p 0^p$, be Used with the Pumping Lemma to Show that $w^r w w^r$ is Not Context Free?

I'm trying to show that $L=\left\{w^rww^r:w \in \{0,1\}^*\right\}$ is not context free using the pumping lemma. I thought picking the string, $0^p0^p0^p$, would be a good candidate for this, but ...
Here is a question that I encountered in one of my exams: Find one context-free grammar that recognizes the language: $\qquad L = \{a^n(b^mc^m)^pd^n \mid m, n, p \geq 0\}$ Can you find such a ...
### How to prove that $L = \{a^n b^m a^n b^m \mid n,m \ge 0\}$ is not a CFL?
I'm stuck with the proof. I've tried Ogden's lemma but it doesn't seem to help. The problem is: Let $N$ be the constant of Ogden, let $z = a^N b^{N+1} a^N b^{N+1}$, and $z = uvwxy$. Now I should ...