Questions tagged [artificial-intelligence]
Questions about design and properties of agents that act in a dynamic environment and make decisions towards some goal without user control.
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Is Chinese Checkers a solved game
Is there a machine or algorithm available to solve the board game "Chinese checkers"? If there is please let me know about relevant material. I have already searched over internet unfortunately i am ...
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Can cognitive architectures (CLARION, SOAR, ACT-R) be used for creative mathematical reasoning?
Can cognitive architectures (CLARION, SOAR, ACT-R, others) be used for creative mathematical reasoning? As far as I understand, then it is the best to encode formal mathematical knowledge in the ...
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What are the inputs to an LSTM for Slot Filling Task
I am confused on the inputs of a Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) for the slot filling task in Spoken Language Understanding.
Before I worked on this, I implemented a language model with a Recurrent ...
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Is "expert system" now an obsolete/unpopular term?
While doing research on expert systems, I notice that it is rare to see this term used in the last 20 years. For example, a recent paper was:
Wang, Hao, Naiyan Wang, and Dit-Yan Yeung. "Collaborative ...
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A case study for search techniques in AI
We are teaching an artificial intelligence class and we need a different case study other than geographical maps (the popular example is the map of Romania) to explain the difference between Breadth-...
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proof that STRIPS terminates
I was reading page 6 of https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~reids/planning/handouts/Linear.pdf
And it is not clear to me that the STRIPS algorithm necessarily terminates.
Namely if we have a simple goal sg on ...
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Estimating size of state space
I have been studying search problems in AI, and I am having some troubles understanding some points in these concepts:
State Space: "represents the environment of the problem, the set of all states ...
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Is there a reduction concept in artitificial intelligence?
Is there a concept for comparing algorithms in artificial intelligence theory similar to reduction in complexity theory (Wikipedia)?
I'm asking this because I was wondering how AI algorithms are to ...
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What are the theoretical and practical contributions of Multiagent Systems to science?
Speaking about multiagent systems (MAS) is about as fuzzy as talking about artificial intelligence systems (AI). They are in essence the distributed counterpart of AI.
While there are no so-called "...
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Limited lookahead pathfinding strategies on infinite graphs
I'm new to pathfinding algorithms and trying to find a good or even optimal heuristic for the following problem:
Say you have a 3D square-lattice cuboid graph with randomly removed edges (with ...
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Prerequisites for AI and machine learning [closed]
I am interested in the field of AI and machine learning and I am fairly good at mathematics and statistics and programming in general. However I lack a formal CS education and my undergraduate degree ...
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Why isn't there a big HTM machine already?
I've been reading a bit about Hierarchical Temporal Memory and Memory Prediction. I found a great paper: How the brain might work: A hierarchical and temporal model for learning and recognition, ...
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MGU and Variable Standardization - CNF
I have been reading on converting first order logic sentences to conjunctive normal form, and then performing resolution.
One of the steps of converting to CNF, is to Standardize variables: rename ...
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About the behaviour of multi-layer perceptrons
I have a multilayer perceptron. It has an input layer with two neurons, a hidden layer with an arbitrary number of neurons, and an output layer with two neurons.
Given that ...
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How to tell if a Heuristic is monotonic
I've applied a Heuristic to a puzzle where I need to move all off the B's the the right of the W's. my Heuristic is the total distance of the B's from the right most W's. my initial state is (B,B,B,*,...
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What would show a human mind is/is not reducible to a Turing machine?
In computer science it is often assumed that a human mind can be reduced to a Turing machine. This is the assumption that underlies the field of artificial intelligence.
However, it is an assumption,...
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Does the the undecidability of the Halting Problem eliminate the possibility of 'Hard AI'? [duplicate]
I'm defining 'Hard AI' as a human-equivalent intelligent machine, or beyond that. Contrast with 'Soft AI' the type of software that runs on your email filter for example.
I've been chewing on this ...
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Is the halting problem claim true with the advent of AI [duplicate]
Alan Turing states that, there can't be a program that can decide if a program will ever stop. But with such advances in AI, won't computers will be able to analyze code and decide like humans on ...
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Over-fitting Always Occurs?
i get stuck in one sentence in machine learning.
i read tom Mitchel book on ML, and some other materials.
if we have small training set, always over-fit can occurs? or is likely to occurs?
i read ...
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How to determine the time and memory complexity for solving a sliding-tile puzzle?
I have seen many posts which were related to algorithms for solving an N⨯N puzzle, but I could not figure out the time complexity or memory complexity in these algorithms, especially when we want to ...
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In principle, what is the relation between Artifical Intelligence and Turing machine?
I am working on my cs project about AI & Turing machines, so i know that Artifical Intelligence is meant to implement different algorithms into the machine {the computer} to solve a problem or a ...
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Machine learning algorithm(s) for recognizing simple graph patterns
I generate some simple graphs based on usage stats of a website, and they may look like these:
I call the 'pattern' on the left 'convergence', and the 'pattern' on the right 'divergence'. The terms '...
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Being stuck and frustrated with my masters project
I'm doing a masters in CS that requires me to implement from scratch most of the neural network models and because python libraries aren't applicable to what i want.
The problem is that i don't feel ...
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Why do we use the log in gradient-based reinforcement algorithms?
I've been reading some papers on reinforcement learning.
$$\Delta w=\frac{\partial ln\ p_w}{\partial w}r$$
I often see expressions, similar to the above one, where the weights (denoted by $w$) are ...
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Is Q-Learning ever better than Brute Force?
I am currently learning about the Q-learning algorithm, so I therefore assume that it has some use or purpose. However I currently cannot see how it is in any way useful. In terms of complexity class, ...
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Recognizing Horn clauses
I am currently studying model theory and I am trying to decide if a clause is a Horn Clause. I know that a Horn Clause is a clause with at most one positive literal, but there are some clauses that it ...
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Computer Vision - Algorithm for reconstructing tilted image
Recently I've seen this very good apps
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.kingjim.shotnote&hl=en
https://itunes.apple.com/JP/app/id411332997?mt=8
this apps reconstruct the image ...
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Potential of Artificial Intelligence to improve algorithm for PI
Recently AI (alphazero) was used to improve practical matrix multiplications by around 10 to 20 percent. Alphageometry and ramanujan machines all came into existence in the recent years as well. Seems ...
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Resolution algorithm does not seem to generate the empty clause
Let's assume I have the following 3 clauses:
$\neg T$,$\neg Q$, ($\neg P \lor Q \lor S \lor T)$,$(\neg U, T, \neg S)$,$(\neg U, T, P)$
and I want to see if our KB entails $\neg U$ so I tried to apply ...
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Raising to the T in machine learning
What does it mean when in a machine learning paper there is
$(arg)^{T}$, what does the T does to an arg in this 3b1b video on neural networks he puts the: $(w^{l-1})^{T}$
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How to find the best exploration parameter in a Monte Carlo tree search?
I've developed a Monte Carlo tree search algorithm in checkers.
Here is my question. What should be the value of $C$, the exploration parameter in the following formula described in Monte Carlo Tree ...
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What is Turing's main argument in "Computing Machinery and Intelligence"?
I read Alan Turing's paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" a few times and it isn't clear what exactly is he arguing for. He proposes the imitation game, but doesn't form a concrete conclusion.
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Heuristics for the $n$-puzzle
An admissible heuristic for an n-puzzle is the Manhattan distance. Now if the cost of a transition is equal to the number of the piece that is moved, is it true that the Manhattan distance is still an ...
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that there would be no perfect strategy for poker
In my opinion, every imperfect information game where there is the possibility of bluffing lacks a perfect (or winning) strategy, for the simple reason that knowing your opponent's strategy will let ...
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Differences between linear/nonlinear vs. deterministic/nondeterministic neural nets
When speaking of neural networks, I don't get the difference between nonlinear and non-deterministic. Basically, both say that the output of something is not directly correlated to the input?
Hope ...
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Is there a program that will tell you the optimal algorithm for ANY problem if the problem is decidable? [duplicate]
Is there a program that will tell you the optimal algorithm for ANY problem if the problem is decidable? If not, why not? If yes, how can such a program be realistically constructed?
I would prefer ...
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Are neural networks dynamical systems?
Dynamical systems are those whose evolution can be described by a rule, evolves with time and is deterministic. In this context can I say that Neural networks have a rule of evolution which is the ...
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Pairwise comparisons with confidence
There is a lot of information available on the subject of Pairwise Comparisons but I haven't found any guidance on how to optimize pair measurements that have confidence values attached to them.
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What does the posterior probability of a variable mean in the Bayes' rule?
I have been studying Artificial Intelligence and I have noticed that the Bayes' rule allows us to infer the posterior probability if a variable. But, my question is, what does the word, or phrase, '...
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Need a practical solution for creating pattern database(5-5-5) for 15-Puzzle
I have asked this exact question on StackOverflow. I did not get the answer that I was looking for. Please read this question fully before answering. Thank You.
For static pattern database(5-5-5), see ...
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Example using Penetrance & Branching Factor in State-space Heuristic Search
I need an example for how to calculate penetrance and branching factor of the search tree in in state-space heuristic search. The definitions are as following. Penetrance $P$ is defined by
$\qquad \...
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Is an AI upscaler incapable of reducing entropy?
I was reading the description of Anime4K (a video upscaler software) and I found a statement triggering my attention:
[upscaling is done] without any meaningful decrease in entropy (lost information
...
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How would one construct conjunctively local predicate of order k for checking if a shape is Convex?
I was reading Minsky's and Papert's book on perceptrons and it had the definition of conjunctively local as follow (look at the last images if its still unclear):
A predicate $\psi$ is conjunctively ...
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How come the branching factor of chess is 35?
I was studying about minmax algorithms and it said the branching factor of a chess game is around average 35. Meaning a player can move about 35 legal moves per position.
I am not able to comprehend ...
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Can high-order unification be applied to programming by example?
In 2007, it has been proven that high-order unification is decidable on the pattern matching case. If that is true, what is stopping someone to write an equation like:
...
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What kind of Neural Network (if any) could fit two sets of data points?
I have two datasets, one of animal migration patterns (collected over the course of a couple years) that consists of many points on an x, y plane (latitude, longitude), and the other of ocean surface ...
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Can the effective branching factor be negative?
I've implemented A* algorithm in Python, after that I calculated the effective branching factor $ B^* $
$$ T+1=1+B^*+(B^*)^2+\dots +(B^*)^L$$
where $T$ is the number of expanded nodes.
My question ...
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Bayesian Nets & Markov Blanket
As i passed PHD entrance exam, some days ago, i want to find solutions for challenging problem.
In Bayes network on X={X1,...Xn} each random variable has P parents and Q child's. for Xi we want to ...
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Using tree search
I have some questions regarding tree search and graph search (Uninformed search) as explained in chapter 3 of the book : http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/
As I see, the only difference between the two is ...
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Guessing the best choice to maximize returns
There are $N$ number of people and $X$ amount of objects with different values. Each person will choose an object and will obtain that objects value. If multiple people choose the same object then the ...
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