Questions tagged [clocks]
The clocks tag has no usage guidance.
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Exactly how many clocks does a Computer consists of and how do they synchronize with each other?
I am currently trying to understand how Computers are arranged and organized internally (so that I can learn Assembly Language) through an online book called The Art of Assembly by Randall Hyde. ...
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Can a distributed system designed with logical clocks truly derive a total ordering of events?
I’m reading Leslie Lamport’s white paper, “Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system”. His explanation for total ordering has me a bit confused in the following excerpt.
I've ...
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Vector clock :why Singhal Kshemkalyani differential technique require FIFO for message passing?
Singhal–Kshemkalyani’s differential technique is based on the
observation that between successive message sends to the same process,
only a few entries of the vector clock at the sender process ...
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Why does Lamport clocks increment on both message received and sent?
According to wikipedia, Lamport clocks need to be incremented when sending a message (time = time + 1) and when receiving a message (...
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Metrics on which Clock Cycles Per Instruction(CPI) depends
In the book - Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface [RISC-V Edition] by Patterson and Hennessy, CPI is defined like this:
The term clock cycles per instruction, which is ...
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What is a CPU clock physically?
I can't seem to get a straight answer as to what a CPU clock is.
I know there are quartz crystal clocks that work by the bending of quartz that happens as an electrical current is passed through it. ...
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can UTC replace Lamport logical clocks?
if UTC is universal, what drawbacks does it have in using it in a distributed system to coordinate events or use it as a global objective reference clock?
isn't it right to just use UTC to timestamp ...
D.W.♦
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How was counted one second in computers
I would like to know how was counted 1 second in computers. I mean how machine can understand period of 1 second. Who and when resolved this problem, and more important how ?
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Why computer didn't use cesium atom to define 1 second?
As far I know computer using crystal oscilator to define 1 second and it's not real 1 second, i mean it's not stable.
While real clock using cesium and we know cesium is stable, why doesn't computer ...
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How can this MIPS processor execute one instruction in one cycle?
I'm reading section 7.3 (SINGLE CYCLE PROCESSOR) of Digital Design and Computer Architecture, Second Edition by David Money Harris.
At the end of the section the autor shows this MIPS processor and ...
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Ordering of operations in a DAG of git commits
Context: I'm looking for a better state resolution algorithm for https://github.com/MichaelMure/git-bug
Summary of the current algorithm and shortcomings
git-bug is a distributed bug-tracker that ...
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What is an example of an algorithm that requires synchronised clocks?
What is an example of an algorithm that requires synchronised clocks? Synchronised in an absolute sense, not just synchronised clock rates.
For more background, I've read Barbra Lisksov's 1993 paper '...
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How do computers keep track of time?
How are computers able to tell the correct time and date every time?
Whenever I close the computer (shut it down) all connections and processes inside stop. How is it that when I open the computer ...
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How does Lamport imply anomalous behavior is impossible given these constraints?
Lamport's paper: Time, Clocks, and the ordering of Events in a Distributed System
Anomalous behavior occurs because Lamport's logical clocks are not enough to guarantee that the total ordering of ...
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Why does the converse of the clock condition imply that any two concurrent events occur at the same time?
In Lamport's paper, Time, Clocks, and the ordering of Events in a Distributed System he says that the converse of the clock condition does not hold and if it did, we could expect concurrent events to ...
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Calculating CPU throughput on a single cycle vs multicycle datapath
When calculating the throughput of a CPU, how does it differ when it is implemented with a single cycle datapath versus a multicycle datapath? If for example the CPU is running 1 GHz freq, then ...
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Resetting Vector clocks in distributed systems
I understand that vector clocks are preferred over lamport clocks because sometimes lamport clocks cannot account for the casuality and we use extra space to store the timestamps in the vector clocks.
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Design of a synchronized clock
I was living in a country where Internet wasn't that fast so the younger me had the following idea for compressing data
Let say 2 parties want to send data to each other, we know that data can be ...
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Finding the timestamps of processes implementing Lamport's clocks
I have been asked this question, but don't know how to go about answering it.
Three process, which are implementing Lamport's clocks, are running and a lot of events are taking, place including some ...
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What is time stamp in asynchronous transmission?
I am new to CS, and learning asynchronous transmission.
Asynchronous Transmission typically also uses SYNC word/bits to
provide occasional time stamp for receiver to synchronise its clock to
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What are system clock and CPU clock; and what are their functions?
While reading a book, I came across a paragraph given below:
In order to synchronize all of a computer’s operations, a system clock—a small quartz
crystal located on the motherboard—is used. The ...
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Lamport logical clock: what does partial mean in the concept of `Partial ordering`?
In lamport's paper[1], he define two concept The partial ordering and The totally ordering.
What does partial mean in ...
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Lamport logical clock: why event occurs in a process with smaller pid is treated earlier?
In lamport's paper1, he define global local timestamp, which is composed of process id and local lamport timestamp.
This timestamp is used to order all the events in a distributed system.
The rule ...
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Why is an accurate time so important for servers and computers?
I just saw this short documentary about atomic clocks. The person working for the Atom clock company gets asked what would happen is all the atom clocks would be turned off and he replayed that cell ...
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How do computers synchronize their clocks with the standard time
I'd like to know how clock synchronization is done on computers, I've read this wikipedia article however it didn't give me exactly what I was looking for, I'll outline the problem I'd like answered:
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How can one tell when will the state of the circuit components change? [closed]
The system clock is needed to synchronize all components on the motherboard, which means they all do their work only if the clock is high; never when it's low. And because the clock speed is set above ...
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How are lamport timestamps useful in practice?
I am reading Lamport's paper titled Time, clocks, and the ordering of events in a distributed system
I understand what's in there more or less, but I am confused whether Lamport timestamps on their ...
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Whats the point of caching if the minimum single clock cycle time is the prorogation delay of the slowest component (fetching from DRAM)?
I know that the clock speed is determined by the slowest stage within the processor (usually fetch) because one clock cycle will take as much time as the slowest pipeline stage to ensure everything is ...
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Does two system's clock synchronises to communicate with each other?
If two computer system's has to do some kind communication like data transfer or receiving should its clock sync to do that?If not then how they transfer bytes without having syced clocks?
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Clock synchronization in a network with asymmetric delays
Assume a computer has a precise clock which is not initialized. That is, the time on the computer's clock is the real time plus some constant offset. The computer has a network connection and we want ...
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Understanding leslie lamport's spacetime diagram with tick lines
I am trying to understand tick lines in Fig 2 on Page 2 of "Time, Clocks, and the
Ordering of Events in a Distributed System" paper [1]. Below are 2 things which I did not understand
What is the ...
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What information needs to be saved in a Lamport clock system to deduce message causality?
By using Lamport timestamps, we can determine the causality of messages. It is however unclear to me how one would deduce this simply from the lamport timestamp of the message.
Take the following ...
D.W.♦
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calculate average CPI [closed]
I cannot solve this exercise:
"If a processor has a cache hit rate of 99.5% and a cache miss penalty of 160 core processor cycles, what will the average CPI be for 1,000 instructions?"
how can i do ...
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Processor system synchronization?
Processor has the internal clock which is a multiplier of the main clock which is present on the motherboard which is designed by keeping in mind the critical path and the slowest device on board,
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Is potential causality relation equals to set of consistent happens before relations?
In a book dedicated to distributed algorithms, I found the following definition - potential causality diagram is consistent with happens before diagram if potential causality relation between system ...
D.W.♦
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Are vector clocks useful in centralized systems?
Vectors clocks seem to be a common way to synchronize the partial ordering of events in a distributed, peer-to-peer, system across all clients.
Is there any benefit to using them in a centralized ...
D.W.♦
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Vector clocks: Why is it necessary to increment my clock on receiving a message?
Assume I have a distributed system of entities, each with a replica of the same data object that can be modified by broadcasting the changes and I'm using vector clocks to know how to order changes.
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Is there a way to compute time without system clock
I was thinking about any method where we can use RAM I/O speed, to calculate time, let's say for example:
RAM transfer rate is 1000 MB/s, so when it's half full (about 500 M Bytes written), by ...
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Applying information theory to processor clocks
Has there been any research on the subject of applying information theory to a processors clock? It occurred to me that a clock is actually transmitting data that is used for synchronization of ...
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How can I calculate the effective bandwidth of a memory system?
I am currently doing my homework for my Computer Architecture class. One of the questions asks:
A computer has a 64-bit data bus and 64-bit-wide memory blocks. The memory devices have an access ...
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How is clock syncing implemented?
I'm looking for an explanation or reference on the implementation of computer clock. To keep the question at the level of logical abstractions: say, we put together some combinational and sequential ...
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What is 2g-precedence?
I am currently reading a couple of papers about event processing. In the context of ordering events, "2g-precedence" is frequently mentioned. I don't know what it is, and I cannot find much ...
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Happened-before and Causal order
I'm reading Lamport's "Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System" and there's a detail that's bugging me.
Lamport defines the "happened before" partial order, which I ...
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Clock skew vs clock offset in the context of clock synchronization network protocols
In the context of clock synchronization among nodes of a network, what is clock offset and what is clock skew?
Are these terms synonymous or is there a difference between them?
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Lamport Timestamps: When to Update Counters
In the timepiece (excuse the pun) that is Time, Clocks and the Ordering of Events, Lamport describes the logical clock algorithm as the following:
Each process $Pi$ increments $Ci$ between any two ...
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Visualization of Lamport's three-dimensional "space-time diagram" with introduced "tick lines"
In the third page (the third paragraph in the right column) of the paper "Time, Clocks, and the Ordering of Events in a Distributed System" by Leslie Lamport, it says that
The reader may find it ...
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All soldiers should shoot at the same time
When I was a student, I saw a problem in a digital systems/logic design textbook, about N soldiers standing in a row, and want to shoot at the same time. A more difficult version of the problem was ...
