Questions tagged [operating-systems]
Questions about the principles of software that interfaces between hardware and applications.
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How is segmentation a solution to external fragmentation
As per Galvin's book, segmentation is the solution to external fragmentation. But in segmentation, the memory blocks are of different sizes. So, if one segment is removed that creates a hole. If we ...
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1answer
34 views
What are the minimum functions, services, or features of a software to be called as an operating system?
When can we say that a software is an operating system and not a firmware, in terms of what it can do?
I know that firmware is usually stored in ROM and OS is stored on HDD/SSD, but technically you ...
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Operating System
suppose that the operating system is running a non-preemptive scheduler and that process P is currently running. A context switch can occour :
When P terminates
When P blocks.
When another process ...
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2answers
37 views
How could a page be invalid in demand paging?
I was reflecting on what I learned about demand paging and I have a question:
In demand paging, we have entries in the page table only for frames that are present in physical memory. So I was ...
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2answers
391 views
Why does page size affect page table size?
I am revising operating systems theory (I'm Italian, forgive me for bad English) and there is a slide that states:
If page size is small then we avoid internal fragmentation (I get that) but
we have ...
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1answer
39 views
Understanding how internal fragmentation occurs in systems using only paging with huge page size
The excerpt below is from the OS text by Galvin et. al.
When we use a paging scheme, we have no external fragmentation: any free frame can be allocated to a process that needs it. However, we may ...
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2answers
23 views
disadvantages of a long time quantum in scheduling
I'm trying to understand the example showing disadvantages of a long time quantum in Tanenbaum's book in Section 2.4.3 “Scheduling in Interactive Systems”.
To improve the CPU efficiency, we could set ...
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2answers
70 views
When are a controller's registers loaded and ready to inform an I/O Operation?
Below, I appended a fragmented paragraph from Operating Systems Concepts on interrupts.
To start an I/O operation, the device driver loads the appropriate registers in the device controller.
The ...
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1answer
33 views
How LRU is used without special hardware?
I had been curious as to which page replacement algorithm is used in OSes like Windows and Linux. I could find that most information on the internet pointed at LRU(Least Recently Used) Algorithm.
But ...
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1answer
25 views
Are Paging and page cache the same in Operating system?
I was looking at paging in OS.
It seems like there are two concepts with the same name but with different features, and I wanted to be clear about those, Paging and page cache.
Before I thought paging ...
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1answer
22 views
Are pages moved to the disk when the process is scheduled?
When process A has run long enough and the scheduler decides to run process B, will all the pages of process A be moved to the disk or they remain in the main memory?
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1answer
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Where will the TLB entries be stored if the cache memory get full (or can this situation occur)?
As we know that the entries of the TLB get copied into the cache memory once another process is chosen to be run by the scheduler. But what if the cache memory is full and there is no space left for ...
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LONG TERM SCHEDULER and how does it interact with USER
If I select chrome browser, then I select Android Studio, do they directly open in Ready Queue (allocated to RAM main memory), what processes actually goes into job queue? Does Job Queue gets filled ...
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1answer
22 views
Are the number of entries in the TLB(Translation Lookaside Buffer) limited?
If not, then why aren't all the pages loaded into the TLB so that TLB misses never happen.
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1answer
38 views
Is whole OS copied to ram when running?
If so, for any OS more than 10gb, how does it run on a computer with limited ram like 4gb? If not, which part of OS is copied to the ram? Or is it dynamically loaded whenever certain part is needed?
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1answer
22 views
Whats the difference between baremetal and full-featured in Embedded Systems?
Our professor talked about the "two" types of embedded systems in today's lecture, listing these.
1.) Baremetal
2.) Full-featured
Now I found out what he means by baremetal, but I can't find ...
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1answer
62 views
Where are process pages stored - in the swap space or under file system? Can demand paging work without space space?
The Galvin OS text says that on older systems, there used to be a method, where the entire running process (when in idle state) was moved from the main memory (when main memory ran low) to the disk ...
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Starvation in Dekkers Algorithm
In the dekkers algorithm for the critical section problem, I happened to have come across a scenario in which P0 can starve out P1 in accessing the critical section(CS)(This is not an assertion, This ...
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3answers
83 views
concurrency vs parallelism
I am so confused between concurrency vs parallelism in multi-core processors.
If a concurrent process has many threads and if the processor is multi-core then can each thread run on multiple cores? If ...
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1answer
47 views
Prove correctness of a solution to the critical section problem in general?
I was wondering if there is any formal, general way to prove the correctness of a candidate solution to the critical section problem in synchronization. For example, in the image enclosed, I have ...
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2answers
78 views
concurrency in multiple core
I know the basic definition between parallelism and concurrency. But there is not much information about
concurrency in multiple core.
what is the difference between concurrency in single-core vs ...
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1answer
26 views
What happens if there is context switch while executing system call?
Suppose a process does system call, hence it goes to kernel mode, the registers are saved. Now the system call will be running in process' allocated kernel stack.
Can there be a context switch when a ...
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22 views
Process Scheduling (SRTF)-
Consider a uniprocessor system with four processes having the
following arrival and burst times:
(i) Calculate the average waiting time and also the average
turnaround time if shortest (remaining) ...
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25 views
What does it mean that Atomicity is composable?
I'm reading a book from Michel Reynal called Fault-Tolerant Message-Passing Distributed Systems.
In chapter five of the book, The Read/Write Register Abstraction, I have a few questions.
On page 85, ...
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1answer
41 views
How does a command interpreter/Shell recognize a command?
I want to know when we enter a command in a shell then how does the computer recognize that command?
Does it match that command with something already stored in files?
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10 views
How do you work out the segmentation table, offset and frame size in segmented memory management?
If I had a process, 1, which has the following segments:
Segment 1 - 50 bytes
Segment 2 - 200 bytes
Segment 3 - 90 bytes
and I know that the total bytes in memory is 1024, how do I work out the offset/...
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25 views
Confusion about the definition of “Exponential Average”
I was having doubt regarding the concept of "exponential averaging". Till now I have come across the concept twice and they seem to be quite similar (except that they have minor but sharp ...
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0answers
40 views
In Round-Robin Scheduling with $n$ processes in ready queue and time quantum $q$, each process gets $1/n$ of CPU time in chunks of at most $q$
I was going through the Round-Robbin Scheduling Section of the dinosaur book by Galvin et. al. where I came across the following statement by the authors:
If there are $n$ processes in the ready ...
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10 views
Difficulty in understanding the “expontential average” plot of the estimate of the next CPU burst with the actual CPU burst
I was going through the portion of exponential averaging (to find the CPU bursts) under Shortest Job First (SJF) Scheduling from the dinosaur by Galvin et. al.
Let $t_n$ be the length of the $n$th ...
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3answers
47 views
In Operating Systems, I can't understand why deadlock happens, why does a process not let go of a resource when it is done using it?
I know deadlock occurs when Process A has resource R1 and is waiting for resource R2, while process B has resource R2 and is waiting for resource R1, however why don't both processes just let go of ...
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2answers
47 views
Is the kernel loaded into memory for every user simultaneously using a Multi-User O.S. system?
I have a doubt about loading kernel for every user using a Multi-User system. Every user's processes and programs are scheduled to CPU in a time-sharing fashion. But, do every user on the multi-user ...
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15 views
How to determine memory allocation for single level table
I received this problem on my study guide but I have no idea if I'm doing it correctly:
How much space needs to be allocated for a single-level page table for a machine with a 32 bit virtual memory ...
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1answer
50 views
(reference) Where can I learn more about I/O operations in OS?
I have basic understanding of file I/O. I know how to operate the read and write system calls in Linux. I know that there is blocking and non-blocking I/O. I want to know more about the underlying ...
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1answer
69 views
What exactly is execution-time address binding?
According to these two definitions:
Logical address: every memory address generated by the CPU.
Physical address: address which identifies uniquely a (real) memory cell.
my textbook (Operating ...
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How could one construct a TLB so that not all the bits of the presented address need match to result in a hit?
I was wondering besides the typical matching of all bits in the presented address to the resulting page, is there another way of doing so? what are the benefits/ cons and how would one go about doing ...
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2answers
66 views
What is meant by a single-threaded kernel?
I was looking at this course but I cannot seem to understand what is meant by the term "single-threaded kernel".
Does it mean that:
only a single kernel thread is made available by the OS?
...
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1answer
66 views
CPU scheduling Decisions
Operating System - CPU scheduling Decisions
The question above talks about why CPU scheduling does not take place when ready to running.
But I wonder why CPU scheduling does not take place when new ...
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1answer
113 views
Page Size, Physical Memory Size, max Program Size
In a 64 bit computer, the logical address space is 64MB and physical memory size is
2GB. Paging is implemented with 4KB pages. Determine the logical and physical
address components. (That is, how many ...
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39 views
Renaming of linear list directory
Consider a linear list-based directory implementation in a file system. Each directory is a list of nodes, where each node contains the file name along with the file metadata, such as the list of ...
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What would happen in this priority-based round-robin CPU scheduling algorithm case?
I've been implementing some kind of CPU Scheduling Algorithms in Python. And I am really confused with one of the cases what'd be implemented in this case.
Let us assume that the time quantum is 10.
...
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1answer
24 views
If we execute kernel programs in the user mode and user programs in kernel mode what are some consequences
Question on operating system
If we execute kernel programs in the user mode and user programs in kernel mode what are some consequences
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0answers
33 views
Is there a “theory” of operating systems?
Is there a theory for Operating Systems?
That is, subfields of CS have theoretical parts; i.e. PL has type theory, ML has mathematical theorems, security has a lot of provable properties, etc.
There ...
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2answers
47 views
Memory addressing rapidity
I've got a few questions related to the different types of memory that we can find:
To my understanding, since there are registers that are close physically to the CPU, these are much faster to access,...
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2answers
65 views
Best operating system for a computing degree? [closed]
Not sure which OS is best to invest in for my computer science degree. Have had varying opinions - from your experience in education or working in the sector, what is the operating system that will ...
3
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1answer
57 views
How to use Parallel Semaphores for Dining Philosophers Problem
I am in an intro to OS class and we are learning about mutual exclusion and semaphores. One classical problem we learned about was the dining philosophers problem. My professor touched on the ...
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2answers
175 views
How are kernels (and operating systems in general) written in C?
I'm trying to understand how you set about writing an OS in something like C.
I've always used C to write applications - using commands like malloc and ...
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Starvation and Livelock
I think Option C is false. Following is my thought process:
Starvation in general mean Process is waiting indefinitely for the resource or to get scheduled etc. [A/c to Galvin Book]. So, here in this ...
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6answers
899 views
Representation of unsigned integer on a little endian, big endian computer
This is a GATE 2021 exam question.
If the numerical value of a 2-byte unsigned integer on a little endian computer is 255 more than that on a big endian computer, which of the following choices ...
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Is it okay to understand Job Queue Like this?
I have a hard time understanding the concept of job queue.
Is it right if I understand job queue like the following???
For example, when user click the icon of an exe file, the newly created process ...
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1answer
35 views
Question about pointer in PCB structure and meaning of job queue
PCB structure exists inside kernel area. And in ready queue, which is Linked List, each Node of the queue is PCB.
And this mean PCB Node has the next address of PCB in the queue, right?? Then My ...
