Questions tagged [type-theory]
formal systems to specify properties of objects
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Resources for connections between dependent type theory and LCCC
Can someone recommend introductory articles/papers on the connections between dependent type theory and locally cartesian closed category? Many Thanks!
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Is a system of equations derived from mutually recursive ADTs always uniquely solvable?
After looking at Can a computer determine whether a mathematical statement is true or not? for a while, I worry we may be into incompleteness/halting problem territory with this question, so an answer ...
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2answers
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How do you have a type typed “Type” when implementing a programming language?
I am working on the base of a language model, and am wondering how to represent the base type, which is a type Type. I have heard of an "infinite chain of ...
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Question on the “Tutorial implementation of dependently typed lambda calculus”
I have a slight technical struggle with this marvelous tutorial. On page 5 the tutorial talks about typing rules for Simply Typed Lambdas and presents following judgement as derivable via rules on ...
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1answer
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Why product type is a dependent SUM?
It might just be a stupid question but I simply see no obvious reason why dependent sum type is a generalized form of product type. Concretely, the sigma type $\Sigma(x:S)T$ degenerates to a product ...
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1answer
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Creating a large tuple from smaller tuples via a monad or applicative
Suppose I have a term $a :\alpha$ of the Simply-Typed Lambda Calculus (in the following, $\alpha, \beta, \gamma$ stand for arbitrary types) and I want to lift it to a term
$\lambda x_{\beta}. \;(x, \, ...
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1answer
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CurryāHoward correspondence and functional programming “reliability”
The first time I heard about functional programming, someone told me "it's more reliable to code in a functional style because your type system is like a proof of correctness".
I recently ...
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2answers
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Does any language need to have a bottom type?
From wikipedia:
In type theory, a theory within mathematical logic, the bottom type is the type that has no values. It is also called the zero or empty type, and is sometimes denoted with the up tack ...
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1answer
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What is an uninhabited type?
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_inhabitation
The wiki article above says,
To be sound, such a system must have uninhabited types.
What is the definition an uninhabitated type? Do all programming ...
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Generalised letrec semantics for mutual recursion
I'm new to system types and I was wondering how mutual recursion is defined through generalized
e::= ..|let rec x1=e1 ,...., xn=en in e .What has to be added in the "simple" let rec ...
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Understanding a paper on polynomial recursion in all finite types
So I wasn't sure weather or not this counted as "research level" or not but I figured it wasn't so I decided to post it here.
There is a paper by S. Bellantoni et al. called "Higher ...
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How to specify mutated types mathematically?
Say I have an object which I pass to a method, and the method returns that same object, just mutated.
So it goes like this:
...
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1answer
51 views
Greatest fixpoint of the type of lists
I'm working through Samuel Mimram's book Program = Proof. In the first chapter, he discusses recursive types in OCaml, and inductive types. An exercise he provides on the topic has me a little bit ...
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What is the difference between type theory and logic programming (in terms of declarative programming and specification)
How is does type theory (coq, lean, agda), and logic programming (prolog, datalog) differ from each other.
Logic programming is a way of declarative specifying an algorithm, using classical 1st order ...
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1answer
273 views
Relationship between inductive families and type-returning functions
Dependently typed languages such as Agda support inductive families, also called indexed datatypes, which allow type parameters to vary between constructors. This can be used to define a set of ...
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1answer
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How does the undecidability of Extensional Martin-Löf Type Theory apply to real type-checking compilers?
It is claimed in many sources (for example, here) that adding a rule like "if Id(X,Y) then X really equals ...
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1answer
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Which language is used to construct a type system?
Typically, OCaml and Scala seem to be used for designing any programming languages tool. But what features offer them an edge over other languages.
A related question, is a type system for a language ...
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2answers
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What are the implications of Homotopy Type Theory?
I've recently come across the topic of homotopy type theory and I'm interested to learn more. I have a very limited background in type theory.
Can anyone tell me, in functional programming terms or ...
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1answer
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How to prove that the Church encoding, forall r. (F r -> r) -> r, gives an initial algebra of the functor F?
The well-known Church encoding of natural numbers can be generalized to use an arbitrary (covariant) functor F. The result is the type, call it ...
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1answer
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What are the most used statements in programming (ranked)?
I was wondering if there are any resources for a study/ranking of the most frequently used statements (by statements I mean assigning, invoking, instantiating etc, like in C#) in programming overall (...
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Is the borrow checker mechanism in Rust based on quantitative types?
I was trying to understand if the borrow checking mechanism for references is actually a quantitaive type in disguise because it does look very similar. In case these are just similar but unrelated ...
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4answers
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Is there such thing as “sequential types”?
I am wondering how you could possibly define the implementation of an imperative function as a type. Is it possible? Currently I only see the input parameters and output result used in the definition ...
Gilles 'SO- stop being evil'
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Can we think of a non-symmetric product type in Haskell?
Meta note: I asked this question here a while ago. It got an answer:
type a /\!! b = (a, ((b -> Void) -> Void))
Unfortunately, I do not reckon it to be ...
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What's the difference between Row Polymorphism and Structural Typing?
The definitions I've stumbled across seem to indicate they express the same idea. That's that the relationship between record types is determined by their fields (or properties) rather than their ...
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1answer
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Example of Dependent Types?
Say you have 3 objects, a global MemoryStore, which has an array of MemorySlabCache objects, and each ...
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Consistency of a set of bidirectional typing rules
Main
Is there any way to algorithmically check the consistency of a set of bidirectional typing rules, e.g. the absence of cycles and the uniqueness of the derivation tree? This problem is naturally ...
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1answer
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Does canonicity imply weak normalization?
Context: type theory.
My understanding of:
WN: every term can rewrite to NF.
Canonicity: every term rewrites into canonical form.
Then it leads to an intuition where if canonicity holds, then we get ...
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Semantics of “write-once” variables for complex data structures
Question
My use case for what is described below is not a language or compiler implementation, but finding a reasonable semantics for this feature in a an abstract calculus.
Ideally, you give me a ...
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1answer
364 views
Why do we need a separate notation for Š-types?
Main
I am confused about the motivation behind the need for a separate notation for Š-types, that you can find in type systems from Ī»2 on. The answer usually goes like so - think about how one can ...
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How do type classes make ad-hoc polymorphism less ad hoc?
The title of the paper that introduced type classes is "How to make ad-hoc polymorphism less ad hoc".
It seems the type classes approach is being compared to how OOP does ad-hoc polymorphism....
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(Co)-monads and terminating implementations
The bounty above should read 'I would like to know whether the example I discuss is a com-monad and why (why not).'
Suppose we set $\mathbb{M} \alpha := r \to \alpha$, where $r$ is some fixed type, ...
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1answer
255 views
The meaning and relevance of the locution ''no terminating implementation'' in type theory
In the context of a discussion of Haskell https://stackoverflow.com/questions/62509788/the-intuition-behind-the-definition-of-the-co-reader-monad, I was told that
There is no terminating ...
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0answers
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Difference between the logic and the type system of a proof assistant?
In Comparing Mathematical Provers (section 4.1), Wiedijk classifies logics and type systems of different proof assistants? I do not see what he means by type system of the assistant. He only says:
A ...
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How to express a type that represents an associative array whose keys determine the type of the value?
I'm fairly new to type systems and theory, so I would appreciate some guidance in a problem that sparked my interest.
I would like to understand what type system features are required so a compiler ...
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Inhabitation of STLC is in PSPACE
Urzyczyn: Inhabitation in Typed Lambda-Calculi (A syntactic approach) gives a proof that STLC inhabitation problem is in PSPACE (section 2, lemma 1). I don't understand certain aspects of the proof:
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1answer
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Is it possible to interpret some Martin-Löf types as abelian monoids in such a way that any abelian monoid can be represented as a type?
For instance, I can interpret the unit type as the trivial monoid with one element. Non-dependent pairs $A \times B$ can be interpreted as the direct sum $A ā B$ when $A$ and $B$ can both be ...
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Terms for different models of sum types
There seem to be at least a couple different possible ways of modeling sum types in a type system, but I haven't been able to find consistent terms for referring to them:
A sum type is formed from a ...
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2answers
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What kinds of programming pitfalls modern languages are able to find?
I often see claims that modern functional strictly-typed languages are 'safer' than others. These statement mostly linked with type systems and their ability to explicitly express the following ...
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1answer
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The underlying type theory of HOL/Isabelle
Is there a good source on the type theory of HOL/Isabelle/other HOL-based LCF-style theorem provers?
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What are the strongest known type systems for which inference is decidable?
It's well known that HindleyāMilner type inference (the simply-typed $\lambda$-calculus with polymorphism) has decidable type inference: you can reconstruct principle types for any programs without ...
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Meaning of the “why not” modality from linear type theory?
In linear type theory there is a modality written ! where !T can be read as "infinite copies of ...
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Does Quantitative Type Theory make the Prop universe obsolete?
Coq (and other type theories such as Setoid Type Theory) have a Prop universe for propositions. As far as I understand this universe is needed to be sure that the propositions can be erased. In ...
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Is Observational Equality better than intensional equality?
The Observational Equality from Epigram 2 seems to be intensional equality (like Coq and Agda have), but it also supports function extensionality. In that sense it seems that Observational Equality is ...
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Dependent types vs refinement types
Could somebody explain the difference between dependent types and refinement types? As I understand it, a refinement type contains all values of a type fulfilling a predicate. Is there a feature of ...
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Summary of types of equivalence and equality in type theory, with notations and examples
Coming from non-computer science background, I am trying to understand the different types of equivalence and equality usually used in type theory. Ideally, I am looking for clear definitions and ...
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1answer
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Difference between assignment, binding, and substitution?
I am trying to understand the difference of assignment, binding, and substitution. I know the three things are related, but to me it's not exactly clear what word refers to what. Example, illustration,...
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Substitution lemma for types
TAPL (page 549) proposes the following lemma in order to prove soundness of System F type system:
Substitution lemma for types:
$E, X, \Delta \vdash t: T \implies E, [X \mapsto S] \Delta \vdash [X \...
Gilles 'SO- stop being evil'
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The abstract interpretation corresponding to the pure simply typed lambda calculus
In Types as Abstract Interpretation, Patrick Cousot sketched how different type systems could be constructed from the collecting semantics of a language. However, the notation of the paper is very old ...
