# Tag Info

## Hot answers tagged graph-traversal

28

Tree Examples (image): A: B: ‾‾ ‾‾ 1 1 / / \ 2 2 3 / 3 This is an example that fits your scenario, Tree A root׳s value is 1, having a left child with value 2, and his left child has also a left child with value 3. Tree B root׳s value is 1, ...

23

Consider the data structure used to represent the search. In a BFS, you use a queue. If you come across an unseen node, you add it to the queue. The “frontier” is the set of all nodes in the search data structure. The queue will will iterate through all nodes on the frontier sequentially, thus iterating across the breadth of the frontier. DFS will always ...

13

A path of length $n$ consists of $n$ line segments in the plane. You want to find all intersections between these line segments. This is a standard problem that has been studied in depth in the computer graphics literature. A simple algorithm is the following: for each pair of line segments, check whether they intersect (using a standard geometric ...

12

The intuition behind is very easy to understand. Suppose I have to find longest path that exists between any two nodes in the given tree. After drawing some diagrams we can observe that the longest path will always occur between two leaf nodes( nodes having only one edge linked). This can also be proved by contradiction that if longest path is between two ...

11

All parts of proving the claim hinge on 2 crucial properties of trees with undirected edges: 1-connectedness (ie. between any 2 nodes in a tree there is exactly one path) any node can serve as the root of the tree. Choose an arbitrary tree node $s$. Assume $u, v \in V(G)$ are nodes with $d(u,v) = diam(G)$. Assume further that the algorithm finds a node $x$ ...

11

It is NP-complete to even decide whether any path exists. It is clearly possible to verify any given path is a valid path in the given graph. Thus the bounded-length problem is in NP, and so is its subset, the any-path problem. Now, to prove NP-hardness of the any-path problem (and thus of the bounded-length problem), let's reduce SAT-CNF to this problem: ...

10

A DFS traversal in an undirected graph will not leave a cross edge since all edges that are incident on a vertex are explored. However, in a directed graph, you may come across an edge that leads to a vertex that has been discovered before such that that vertex is not an ancestor or descendent of the current vertex. Such an edge is called a cross edge.

10

There are exponentially many such routes. Think of a sequence of $n$ diamonds. At each diamond, you can go either left or right, independently of what you do at all other diamonds. This leads to $2^n$ paths, each of which is non-intersecting. Now the complete graph on those vertices contains all of these paths, plus some more, so this is a lower-bound on ...

10

No, it's not limited to binary trees. Yes, pre-order and post-order can be used for $n$-ary trees. You simply replace the steps "Traverse the left subtree.... Traverse the right subtree...." in the Wikipedia article by "For each child: traverse the subtree rooted at that child by recursively calling the traversal function". We assume that the for-loop ...

10

Let $G$ be strongly connected. Run BFS (!) from an arbitrary vertex $s$. BFS creates a leveled tree where level of a vertex $v$ is it's directed distance from $s$. If while running BFS you have never seen an edge $(u,v)$ that goes between levels of the same parity then $G$ is bipartite. The parity of the level of $u$ defines the partition that $u$ belongs to....

9

This represents a difference between the kinds of problems the CS algorithms community usually uses BFS to solve, vs the kinds of problems the CS artificial intelligence community usually uses BFS to solve. The algorithms community typically is focused on the case where we have a finite graph, and where we're going to run some algorithm that probably visits ...

9

Counting argument The number of unlabeled binary trees of $n$ nodes is the $n^\text{th}$ Catalan number $C_n=(2n)!/(n!(n+1)!).$ For example there are 5 binary trees of 3 nodes, o o o o o / / / \ \ \ o o o o o o . / \ ...

9

Your algorithm is known as greedy coloring. Wikipedia gives an example of a bipartite graph, the crown graph, where the greedy coloring can produce a coloring using $n/2$ colors (for the worst ordering). For random $G(n,1/2)$ graphs, the greedy coloring typically produces a coloring using double the optimal number of colors.

8

The book is counting the number of times each line is executed throughout the entire execution of a call of DFS, rather than the number of times it is executed in each call of the subroutine DFS-VISIT. Perhaps the following simpler example will make this clear: PROCEDURE A(n) 1 global = 0 2 for i from 1 to n: 3 B(i) 4 return global PROCEDURE B(i) 1 ...

8

The bounds $O(|V|+|E|)$ and $O(b^d)$ are talking about different things. The former is appropriate when you know what $V$ and $E$ are in advance, and they're both finite. The latter is appropriate when the graph is only defined implicitly and may be infinite, or where you've decided in advance that you're only going to search to a fixed depth. An ...

8

Lets assume you consider trees of $n$ nodes. Now take any binary tree with $n$ nodes and name the nodes according to their pre-order numbering. Then clearly the pre-order sequence of the tree will be $1,2,\dots,n$. This means that we can name the nodes of any binary tree structure so that it will generate the same pre-order sequence as that of another ...

7

You basically have two choices: "cheating" by embedding a queue in the nodes, and simulating BFS with higher complexity. Embedded-Queue Cheating If you look at virtually any description of BFS, e.g., this one on Wikipedia, then you can see that the algorithm adds attributes to nodes. E.g., the Wikipedia version adds to each node the attributes distance and ...

7

This is proved by Cook and McKenzie. We make use of the following notation: $\deg(v)$ is the degree of a vertex $v$. $N(v,1),\ldots,N(v,\deg(v))$ is some fixed ordering of the neighbors of $v$. We construct a sequence $v_1,v_2,\ldots$ of nodes starting with $v_1 = s$ and $v_2 = N(s,1)$ (if $\deg(s) = 0$ then $s$ is connected to $t$ iff $s = t$). Given $v_{... 7 It depends on what exactly you call DFS. Consider for example the algorithm DFS-iterative described in Wikipedia, and suppose that you run it on a tree so that you don't have to keep track of which nodes you have already visited. Suppose that you run it on a complete$b$-ary tree of depth$m$. We can identify nodes in their tree with words over$[b]$of ... 7 Your conceptual difficulty stems from not distinguishing between TSP and Weighted Hamiltonian Cycle. These are usually discussed as if they are the same problem, but they're not. In Weighted Hamiltonian Cycle, we are given a graph with nonnegative edge weights and we wish to determine the minimum-weight Hamiltonian cycle, i.e., the minimum-weight cycle that ... 6 Update 3 and corrected answer There's an error in the linked solution set (see update 2 below), but it can be easily corrected with @Yuval Filmus's suggestion in the question's comment, which further allows us to rule out one of the possibilities mentioned in the solution set. Let$s$be the root of the first BFS and let$u$be the final vertex discovered. ... 6 Here is one approach. Given leaves$\alpha,\beta$, first compute the depths$d(\alpha),d(\beta)$of both leaves (to compute the depth of a leaf, measure how many times you need to apply the parent operation until you reach the root). Suppose without loss of generality that$d(\alpha) \geq d(\beta)$. Replace$\alpha$with$\alpha$'s$(d(\alpha) - d(\beta))$'... 6 I would suggest the following approach. Maintain a data structure$H$of$(i,j, g(i,j))$triples so that you can efficiently find and remove a triple$(i,j,w)$that minimises$w$. Maintain a partition$P$of nodes$V = \{1,2,\dotsc,N\}$. Maintain a tree$T$. We will maintain the invariant that$T$contains some edges of the tree that we are trying to ... 6 For a given vertex, the only thing that matters in the algorithm is if there is an edge from the vertex or a child-vertex to a ancestor-vertex in the DFS exploration tree. In this case, we know that the vertex belongs to the same SCC as it's parent. In such a case, we are sure that the vertex itself or a child-vertex has a direct back edge to an ancestor of ... 5 In the$k$shortest path problem, we wish to find$k$path connecting a given vertex pair with minimum total length. Eppstein [1] has an algorithm running in$O(m+n \log n + k)$time to find the$k$shortest paths (allowing cycles) between a pair of vertices in a digraph. With the techniques of the paper, one can also find all path shorter than some given ... 5 This seems to be a difficult problem. For undirected graphs, this is known as "dynamic connectivity". You can see slides describing an$O(\log^2 n)$algorithm, or the paper itself. For directed graphs, there is an algorithm no better than DFS described in this paper (the algorithm is better than DFS if you are making several connectivity queries each time). ... 5 Let$G=(V,E)$to be a graph and$u$and$\nu$to be its vertices such as$\inV$and$(u,\nu)\in E$. Suppose that$u$is discovered first. Consequently, its color is changed to gray. Then,$\nu$becomes its descendant (by white path theorem) and the following discovery time relationship holds:$u.d<\nu.d$. Now, there are two options of discovering$(...

5

When considering such recognition algorithms, it is sometimes helpful to consider equivalent characterizations of the graph in question. Your observations and ideas are valid. In other words, we can first prove that caterpillars are such trees that when you delete all the leaves and incident edges, you are left with a path graph. This immediately suggest a ...

5

Every binary tree (with the right number of nodes) has exactly one labelling that satisfies a given postorder labelling. So you need to find the number of binary trees. That is the famous Catalan number $C_n = \frac 1{n+1}{2n \choose n}$. Sequence A000108 in Sloane's OIES. It has a nice recurrence, based on the fact that a tree with $n+1$ nodes has a root ...

5

Replace every directed edge $u \to v$ with an undirected edge $(u,v)$. Now use any standard algorithm for finding connected components in the resulting undirected graph. One standard approach for finding connected components is to use DFS. This runs in linear time, i.e., $O(|V|+|E|)$ time. You can't hope for any algorithm that will perform asymptotically ...

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