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These terms don't have a precise meaning. It depends on the company/lab. I know of people who are "data analysts" yet do research in machine learning but also "data scientists" who don't do any research.
In fact, machine learning and deep learning are probably the hottest and the most hyped research areas currently. As such, and also ...
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Usually, when considering machine learning algorithms from a theoretical perspective, we are interested in PAC learnability, or some other learnability definition (most of those are very similar to PAC, since everything in the machine learning region is stochastic).
Under those definitions, there are a few possible "metrics" that measure something ...
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